Deteriorating Political and Economic Crisis of
Women in Iraq
under US Occupying Forces
A Briefing Paper
of
INTERNATIONAL
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Prepared by Hanna Dahlstrom
Researcher, Association of Humanitarian Lawyers
Presented to
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights
2005 Session, March, Geneva
Contact: ied@igc.org
Als Word-Dokument: http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/SVIW-2.doc
“We will deliver the food and medicine you need. We will tear down
the apparatus of terror and we will help you to build a new Iraq that
is prosperous and free."
-George Bush, March 17, 2003, televised address. [1]
Almost two years after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, under U.S.
occupation, Iraqi women are worse off than during the administration of
President Saddam Hussein, according to an Amnesty International report
released on February 21, 2005. [2]A survey by Women for Women
International in May 2003 concluded that none of the Iraqi women
interviewed had their families’ basic needs met. [3]
With one million Iraqi women as heads of households, women face the
biggest burden as primary caretakers of their families. [4] Supplying
basic needs ( clean water, electricity and food) to their families are
women’s primary responsibility. Women for Women International asserts:
“If Iraqi women struggle with the daily demands of keeping a household
together, their ability to participate in political and economic
activities is diminished, curtailed or impossible.” [5]Medact adds that
there is a direct correlation between a country’s infrastructure and
the health of the population as water, sewage treatment, electricity,
and food security all determines the state of health. [6] The U.S.
focus on political and civil rights ignores the interdependence of
human rights. [7]
The neglect of the basic needs of women in the reconstruction process
is explained by former U.S. Ambassador to Austria and founder of the
NGO Women Waging Peace as a strategy of excluding women in the
reconstruction process, justified as: “Well, let’s get this situation
stabilized and then we’ll think about the women.” [8]
This report focuses on six basic rights: the right to safe drinking
water, the right to electricity, the right to healthcare, the right to
work, and the right to political participation.
1. The Right to Safe Drinking Water
Cambridge Solidarity With Iraq (CASI) reports that during U.S.-led
attacks of the cities of Fallujah, Samarra, and Tall Afar, water was
deliberately cut off, leaving 750,000 civilians without water. This
violation of international humanitarian law is viewed as a strategy to
get civilians to leave their homes while targeting the very young, the
very old and the sick. [9] Water is widely denied: fewer than half of
all Iraqis living in rural areas have access to potable water. [10]The
Iraqis say that the lack of drinking water is the second most critical
impact of the U.S. invasion, after the lack of security. [11] In the
countryside, the lack of irrigation water caused crop failures. As a
result, many women spend hours a day hauling drinking water from
streams flowing with raw sewage, which will dry up in the summer
months. [12] The lack of water also affects the healthcare system,
according to doctors in Iraqi hospitals and the International Committee
of Red Cross (ICRC). [13] Doctor Linda Husseiny, an official from the
Ministry of Health said that they fear a cholera outbreak due to the
shortage of water. [14]
Water in Iraq is contaminated since close to 500,000 tons of “raw and
partially treated sewage are released into rivers every day”. [15] It
is estimated that 60 percent of rural residents and 20 percent of urban
dwellers have access to, and drink, contaminated water, the Washington
Post reports. [16] As primary caretakers, Iraqi mothers have
responsibility for the health of their children and thus suffer when
they are unable to provide basic needs to them. Contaminated drinking
water is the primary cause of disease in children in Iraq. [17]
The U.S. has paid the Bechtel Corporation $3 billion to repair water,
electricity and other infrastructure. However, this income meets the
need of corporate salaries without producing results for Iraqi
families. [18] When Bechtel was in charge of the privatization of water
in Bolivia, water prices rose 200 percent and water became an expensive
commodity not available to all people. [19] The example from Bechtel in
Bolivia shows that privatization of water will not ensure safe drinking
water to all citizens of Iraq.
2. The Right to Electricity
According to Major General Thomas Bostwick, commander of the US Army
Corps of Engineers, Iraq’s national electricity supply has plummeted to
below levels of 4,400 megawatts maintained during the administration of
President Saddam Hussein. Most of the country has only 3 hours of
electricity per day [20]. In November 2004, the level of electricity
produced had fallen below 4,500 megawatts. In early and mid-January
2005, electricity had plummeted to 3,500 megawatts [21]. According to a
survey by Women for Women International, 95% of women stated that they
do not get enough electricity in the home. [22] Most Iraqi families
cannot afford a generator which could ensure a stable level of
electricity. [23]
Lack of electricity in the home has knock-on effects: water born
diseases have risen due to the inability to boil water at home to
purify it. [24] Medact reports that from January to March 2004, there
were over 5,000 cases of typhoid. [25] In addition, hospitals and its
patients suffer from the power outages, and 80% of hospitals do not
have generators that work. [26]
3. The Right to Food
Acute malnutrition has doubled among children. [27]
According to a study done by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, UNDP and
Fao, acute malnutrition in children has increased from 4% before the
invasion to 7.7% after the invasion. The study found that approximately
400,000 Iraqi children are suffering from chronic diarrhea. [28] This
implies that Iraqi children were better off during the Presidency of
Saddam Hussein. Today, child malnutrition rates in Iraq are much higher
than that of Uganda and Haiti and compares to that of Burundi, a
war-torn central African country. [29] Malnutrition has further led to
a rise in communicable diseases. [30]
From 1996 to 2003 most families in Iraq relied on food aid from the UN
Oil for Food program. After the U.S.-led coalition forces declared an
end of the war, they handed out flyers to Iraqis promising an increase
in food aid, with the inclusion of new items. However, according to the
survey by Women for Women International, 95% of women stated that there
was no increase in the food basket after the US occupation. [31] The
U.S. has taken control of potential oil revenues worth close to $20
billion per year and stopped the oil-for-food program. [32]
In the city of Fallujah, which was attacked by the U.S.-led forces,
some refugees have been able to return to their now deserted city. Lt.
Col. Patrick Malay, who is in charge of military operations in the
northern parts of Fallujah commented on the lines of people waiting for
food, water, and sheets: “This is how I like it, just like Disneyland,”
he said. “Orderly lines and people leave with a smile on their face.”
[33]
Iraqi women do not smile as they bear the burden of the lack of food.
Iraqi farmers, of which many are women, state that they cannot grow
food due to unexploded cluster bombs in their fields. [34] Due to the
high unemployment, many women cannot obtain adequate food. In addition,
the cost of cooking fuel has risen dramatically since the U.S.
invasion. [35] According to doctors in Baghdad Maternity Hospital,
almost all pregnant women suffer from anemia. [36]
4. The Right to Healthcare
Prior to 1991, healthcare in Iraq was free and of good quality. [37]
Before the UN sanctions, the number one health problem in Iraqi was
obesity. Malnutrition was a direct effect of the UN sanctions. [38] One
important indicator to assess the health of a country’s population is
the mortality rate of children under five. During sanctions, UNICEF
reported that one in eight children died before they reached the age of
five and that 500,000 children died during sanctions. [39] Healthcare
deteriorated and medicines were not widely available. Post-1991,
healthcare was increasingly privatized, and after the war on Iraq in
2003, most hospitals cannot function properly due to sewage, lack of
clean water, lack of electricity, and lack of drugs and equipment. [40]
Dr. Amer Rashid, chief clinician from Yarmouk hospital in Baghdad said,
“During sanctions we had more medicines than we have now.” [41] In the
Woman for Women International survey, 57.1% of the Iraqi women said
their families do not have sufficient healthcare. [42] A UNDP study
reports that the maternal mortality rate has tripled compared to the
period from 1989 to 2002. [43]
UNICEF states that, prior to UN sanctions, “Iraq had one of the highest
standards of living in the Middle East”. Now, “at least 200 children
are dying every day. They are dying from malnutrition, a lack of clean
water and a lack of medical equipment and drugs to cure easily
treatable diseases.” [44]
Mohammed cries during his treatment for diarrhea in General Teaching
Hospital for Children in Baghdad, Iraq. AP[45]
The rise in cancers is due to the use of depleted uranium in ammunition
in the war against Iraq, according to German and Iraqi scientists. [46]
Iraqi mothers worry for their children. According to Dr. Janan Hassan,
director of a children’s clinic in Basra, “Since 1991 the number of
children born with birth deformities has quadrupled. The same is the
case for the number of children under 15 who are diagnosed with cancer.
Mostly, it’s leukemia. Almost 80 percent of the children die because we
neither have medicine nor the possibility of given them chemotherapy.”
[47]
Medact reports that 12% of hospitals were damaged in 2003 by U.S.
aerial bombardments. [48] The Special Rapporteur of the Right to Health
to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights reported that U.S.-led
coalition forces obstructed civilians from entering the main hospital
in the city of Fallujah, while also stopping staff from working there.
[49] In addition, the general climate of insecurity and violence keeps
many women and children from even being able to attempt to seek medical
care. [50] [51]
It is predicted that the privatization of healthcare will lead to a
healthcare system like that of the United States, the only
industrialized country not to provide free healthcare to children and
pregnant women. The U.S. itself has one of the worst child mortality
rates among industrialized nations.[52]
5. The Right to Work
Historically, Iraqi women have not been confined to the private sphere
and have attained high levels of educational and professional
accomplishments in for example law, government, and medicine.
[53]During the Hussein presidency, women continued to work and study in
the public sphere but during the period of the UN sanctions, many women
lost their jobs due to the deterioration of the economy [54]. Moreover,
sanctions led to the dismantling of government social programs and
women suffered disproportionately. [55]
During the U.S.-led invasion in 2003 and the war that followed, many
women started private businesses in their homes, but when electricity
was cut they could not continue. Women who benefited from commerce in
the informal market have also been forced to give up this source of
income. [56] Before the U.S. occupation, Iraqi women made up 40 percent
of the public-sector work force. Today, most women are unemployed. [57]
When the economy deteriorated, women were the first to lose their jobs.
Today women’s unemployment is at 70%. [58] In addition, due to the
climate of violence and fear, fewer children attend school and
consequently, mothers or the oldest female in the family have had to
stop working to take care of the children. As a result, women and
children have fewer opportunities. [59] The U.S. dismantling of the
Iraqi state meant that many women lost governmental positions. The
Coalition Provisional Authority laid off hundreds of thousands of
government workers. [60] Despite the amount of reconstruction work in
Iraq, Iraqis themselves are not being employed. Instead, the U.S. has
hired foreign contractors and flown in foreign workers for high and low
skilled positions previously held by Iraqis. [61]
According to the household survey done by Women for Women International
in August 2004, 84% of the women surveyed had no income from formal or
informal work. The women identified electricity, jobs, and water as the
most pressing concerns. [62] Despite Iraq’s valuable oil reserves, 27
percent of the population is estimated to live on less than $2 a day.
[63] In a move that worsened the crisis exponentially, while imposing a
privatized model of governance not chosen by the Iraqi people, the
Coalition Provisional Authority cut the social safety net. [64]
Following the many wars Iraq has suffered, many women are widowed or
abandoned. According to the UN and the World Bank, there were close to
1 million women heads of households in October 2003. [65] As the U.S.
increasingly pushes for privatization and a 100% free market state,
this means that more women will inevitably suffer disproportionately
compared to men in Iraq.
6. The Right to Political Participation
“We don’t do women.”
-High-ranking CPA official, responding to a reporter’s concern about
threats to Iraqi women’s rights. [66]
The full and free participation of women is an indicator of the future
health and well-being of the population of every Iraqi. [67]
In March 2003, USAID awarded the Research Triangle Institute (RTI)
International of North Carolina a $167 million contract to help 180
Iraqi cities and towns "foster efficient, transparent, and accountable
sub-national government that supports the country's transition to
sovereignty." Three former RTI employees who worked on the project told
CorpWatch that the company spent 90 percent of the money on expensive
expatriate staff, gave out advice and held meetings, but did little to
provide concrete support for local community organizations or councils.
[68]
A $10 million U.S. funded “Iraqi women’s democracy initiative” will,
according to Paula Dobriansky, U.S. undersecretary of state for global
affairs, train Iraqi women to “…lobby for fair treatment.” However,
this view assumes that Iraqi women were powerless victims during the
Saddam Hussein regime prior to the U.S.-led invasion, when in fact, in
1993 the UNICEF reported: “Rarely do women in the Arab world enjoy as
much power as they do in Iraq… men and women must receive equal pay for
work. A wife’s income is recognized as independent from her husband’s.
In 1974, education was made free at all levels, and in 1979 it was made
compulsory for girls and boys until the age of 12.” [69]
The only two female governing council members Rhaja Habib Kuzai and
Songul Chapouk, state that there are already many qualified Iraqi women
community leaders who have a right to political participation: “Many
Iraqi women are well-educated – doctors, lawyers, and engineers who are
already leaders in their communities. And regardless of education,
women in Iraq are often heads of households who have kept their
families and their country moving despite decades of war and severe
abuse under the Saddam Hussein regime.” [70]
Laws are not enough when women lack electricity, water, healthcare, and
work in a climate of insecurity and violence. The report by Women for
Women International warns that these are serious indicators of
long-term adversary implications. [71]
The elections in January 2005 were hailed by the US and UK as an
opportunity for democracy and for women’s rights. UK foreign secretary
Jack Straw said that the Iraq war helped bring a democratic "wave of
change" to the Middle East. [72] The Bush administration argues that a
successful democracy in the Middle East could be an example for the
rest of the Arab world. [73] However, illegal elections cannot produce
a legal result as the elections “were planned, organized, and financed
by the US in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention, which forbids an
occupying power from creating permanent changes in the government of
the occupied territory.” [74]
The outcome of the illegal elections caused a shift in alliances. The
Shiites, who are generally more conservative compared to Sunnis, have
risen to power. Amnesty International warns of a conservative backlash
which threatens women’s rights. [75] There is a rise in Islamic
fundamentalism. [76] The Shia coalition has called for the application
of sharia, or Islamic law. This could mean that women may only inherit
half that of Iraqi men who may also be permitted to have four wives at
once. [77] Rime Allaf, an associate fellow with the Royal Institute of
International Affairs in London, who researches women's status in Iraq,
states: "The Baath Party, with all the things many believe they did
wrong, [still ensured that Iraqi] women had the most rights in the
region. Now, a lot of women are being very careful about how they
dress. They are being told by perfect strangers, 'You need to cover
your hair ... [and] your arms.' In the nearly two years since the
regime of Saddam Hussein fell, pressure has grown for women to conform
to stricter Islamic standards." [78]
MADRE warns that an interim government will draft a new Iraqi
constitution, which may restrict women’s rights to divorce,
inheritance, child custody, freedom to choose whether and whom to
marry, and freedom to travel without a male. [79]
1. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in ‘Liberated’
Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004, http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
2. Amnesty International, "Decades of suffering, Now women deserve
better", http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/document.do?id=9E865CC4FD535
B2880256F73005E4047
3. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
4. Amnesty International, "Decades of suffering, Now women deserve
better", http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/document.do?id=9E865CC4FD535
B2880256F73005E4047
5. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
6. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
7. Yifat Susskind "A Vote for "Freedom" or for Occupation? The Iraqi
Elections and Women's Human Rights" MADRE, January 2005 http://madre.org//articles/me/iraqielections.html
8. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
9. CASI,"Denial of Water to Iraqi cities", http://www.casi.org.uk/briefing/041110denialofwater.pdf
10. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
11. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004, http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
12. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004, http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
13. IRIN, "Focus on Election Outcome" February 17, 2005 http://electroniciraq.net/news/printer1879.shtml
15. IRIN "Water shortage could lead to health crisis" January 24, 2005.
15. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
16. Karl Vick "Children Pay Cost of Iraq’s Chaos" Washington Post,
November 22, 2004 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A809-2004Nov20?lang
uage=printer
17. Harry de Quetteville, "Victory in Iraq: Deliverance or Disaster,"
The Daily Telegraph, January 1, 2004.
18. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004, http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
19. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004, http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
20. Turkish Press "Iraq’s power supply sinks to record low: US
General). January 12, 2005
21. James Glanz, "New Election Issues: Electricity and Water" New York
Times, January 26, 2005
22. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
23. IRIN "Power Shortage Continues" August 31, 2004. http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42939&SelectRegi
on=Middle_East&SelectCountry=IRAQ
24. Karl Vick "Children Pay Cost of Iraq’s Chaos" Washington Post,
November 22, 2004 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A809-2004Nov20?lang
uage=printer
25. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
26. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
27. Haifa Zangana, "Quiet, or I’ll Call Democracy," The Guardian,
December 22, 2004.
28. Paul Rogers, "No direction home" Open Democracy 25 November 2004. http://www.opendemocracy.net/xml/xhtml/articles/2245.html
29. Karl Vick "Children Pay Cost of Iraq’s Chaos" Washington Post,
November 22, 2004 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A809-2004Nov20?lang
uage=printer
30. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
31. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
32. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
33. Erik Eckholm "Residents trickle back, but Fallujah still seems
dead" New York Times, January 6, 2005 http://www.occupationwatch.org/article.php?id=8675
34. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
35. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
36. Karl Vick "Children Pay Cost of Iraq’s Chaos" Washington Post
37. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
38. Karl Vick "Children Pay Cost of Iraq’s Chaos" Washington Post,
November 22, 2004 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A809-2004Nov20?lang
uage=printer
39. "Decades of suffering, Now women deserve better", Amnesty
International, http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/document.do?id=9E865CC4FD535
B2880256F73005E4047
40. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
41. IRIN, "Focus on Election Outcome" February 17, 2005 http://electroniciraq.net/news/printer1879.shtml
42. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
43. Ghali Hassan "Iraq’s Health Care Under U.S. Occupation"
Countercurrents.org December 1, 2004 http://www.countercurrents.org/iraq-hassan011204.htm
44. Ghali Hassan "Iraq’s Health Care Under U.S. Occupation"
Countercurrents.org December 1, 2004 http://www.countercurrents.org/iraq-hassan011204.htm
45. Mark Peplow, "Iraq faces growing health crisis" News@nature.com 13
October 2004. http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041011/pf/041011-8_pf.html
46. Jürgen Hanefeld "After the war comes cancer" Deutsche-Welle March
9, 2005, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1510710,00.html
47. Jürgen Hanefeld "After the war comes cancer" Deutsche-Welle March
9, 2005, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1510710,00.html
48. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
49. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
50. "Enduring Effects of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact,
November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
51. In the women’s hospital ward in Al Nagar, two or three patients
share one bed.: Photo by Iva Zimova/Panos Pictures. "Enduring Effects
of War in Iraq: Health in Iraq 2004" Medact, November 30, 2004, http://www.medact.org/content/wmd_and_conflict/Medact%20Iraq
%202004.pdf
52. Ghali Hassan "Iraq’s Health Care Under U.S. Occupation"
Countercurrents.org December 1, 2004 http://www.countercurrents.org/iraq-hassan011204.htm
53. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
54. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
55. Amnesty International, "Decades of suffering, Now women deserve
better", http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/document.do?id=9E865CC4FD535
B2880256F73005E4047
56. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
57. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
ù58. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
59. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
60. Haifa Zangana "Quiet, or I’ll call democracy" The Guardian December
22, 2004 http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1378532,00.html
61. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
62. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
63. Mark Peplow, "Iraq faces growing health crisis" News@nature.com 13
October 2004. http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041011/pf/041011-8_pf.html
64. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
65. Amnesty International, "Decades of suffering, Now women deserve
better", http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/document.do?id=9E865CC4FD535
B2880256F73005E4047
66. Yifat Susskind, "One Year Later: Women’s Human Rights in
‘Liberated’ Iraq", MADRE, Spring 2004. http://madre.org//articles/me/womensrights.html
67. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: Pursuing
Gender Equity in Post-war Iraq," Briefing Paper, January 2005. http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
68. Pratap Chatterjee "Inventing Iraqi Democracy in North Carolina"
CorpWatch, July 1, 2004 http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11402
69. Haifa Zangana "Quiet, or I’ll call democracy" The Guardian December
22, 2004 http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1378532,00.html
70 . Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: The Pursuit
of Gender Equality in Post-War Iraq", January 2005, http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
71. Women for Women International "Windows of Opportunity: The Pursuit
of Gender Equality in Post-War Iraq", January 2005, http://www.womenforwomen.org/nriqpap.html
72. BBC News "Iraq helped mid-East democracy" March 10, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4335629.stm
73. BBC News "Iraq helped mid-East democracy" March 10, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4335629.stm
74. Yifat Susskind "A Vote for "Freedom" or for Occupation? The Iraqi
Elections and Women's Human Rights" MADRE, January 2005 http://madre.org//articles/me/iraqielections.html
75. Amnesty International, "Decades of suffering, Now women deserve
better", http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/document.do?id=9E865CC4FD535
B2880256F73005E4047
76. Yifat Susskind "A Vote for "Freedom" or for Occupation? The Iraqi
Elections and Women's Human Rights" MADRE, January 2005 http://madre.org//articles/me/iraqielections.html
77. David Enders and Daniel Howden, The Independent U.K. February 15,
2005 http://truthout.org/docs_2005/021405A.shtml
78. Jill Carroll "Iraqi women eye Islamic law" Christian Science
Monitor , 2005 http://csmonitor.com/2005/0225/p07s02-woiq.html
79. Yifat Susskind "A Vote for "Freedom" or for Occupation? The Iraqi
Elections and Women's Human Rights" MADRE, January 2005 http://madre.org//articles/me/iraqielections.html::
Article nr. 11098 sent on 14-apr-2005 08:57 ECT
:: The address of this page is : www.uruknet.info?p=11098
:: The incoming address of this article is :
psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/SVIW-2.doc