Deteriorating Political and Economic Crisis of Women in Iraq
under US Occupying Forces

 
A Briefing Paper
of

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT


Prepared by Hanna Dahlstrom
Researcher, Association of Humanitarian Lawyers


Presented to
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights
2005 Session, March, Geneva

Contact: ied@igc.org
Als Word-Dokument: http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/SVIW-2.doc

“We will deliver the food and medicine you need. We will tear down the apparatus of terror and we will help you to build a new Iraq that is prosperous and free."
-George Bush, March 17, 2003, televised address. [1]

Almost two years after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, under U.S. occupation, Iraqi women are worse off than during the administration of President Saddam Hussein, according to an Amnesty International report released on February 21, 2005. [2]A survey by Women for Women International in May 2003 concluded that none of the Iraqi women interviewed had their families’ basic needs met. [3]

With one million Iraqi women as heads of households, women face the biggest burden as primary caretakers of their families. [4] Supplying basic needs ( clean water, electricity and food) to their families are women’s primary responsibility. Women for Women International asserts: “If Iraqi women struggle with the daily demands of keeping a household together, their ability to participate in political and economic activities is diminished, curtailed or impossible.” [5]Medact adds that there is a direct correlation between a country’s infrastructure and the health of the population as water, sewage treatment, electricity, and food security all determines the state of health. [6] The U.S. focus on political and civil rights ignores the interdependence of human rights. [7]
The neglect of the basic needs of women in the reconstruction process is explained by former U.S. Ambassador to Austria and founder of the NGO Women Waging Peace as a strategy of excluding women in the reconstruction process, justified as: “Well, let’s get this situation stabilized and then we’ll think about the women.” [8]

This report focuses on six basic rights: the right to safe drinking water, the right to electricity, the right to healthcare, the right to work, and the right to political participation.

1. The Right to Safe Drinking Water

Cambridge Solidarity With Iraq (CASI) reports that during U.S.-led attacks of the cities of Fallujah, Samarra, and Tall Afar, water was deliberately cut off, leaving 750,000 civilians without water. This violation of international humanitarian law is viewed as a strategy to get civilians to leave their homes while targeting the very young, the very old and the sick. [9] Water is widely denied: fewer than half of all Iraqis living in rural areas have access to potable water. [10]The Iraqis say that the lack of drinking water is the second most critical impact of the U.S. invasion, after the lack of security. [11] In the countryside, the lack of irrigation water caused crop failures. As a result, many women spend hours a day hauling drinking water from streams flowing with raw sewage, which will dry up in the summer months. [12] The lack of water also affects the healthcare system, according to doctors in Iraqi hospitals and the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC). [13] Doctor Linda Husseiny, an official from the Ministry of Health said that they fear a cholera outbreak due to the shortage of water. [14]

Water in Iraq is contaminated since close to 500,000 tons of “raw and partially treated sewage are released into rivers every day”. [15] It is estimated that 60 percent of rural residents and 20 percent of urban dwellers have access to, and drink, contaminated water, the Washington Post reports. [16] As primary caretakers, Iraqi mothers have responsibility for the health of their children and thus suffer when they are unable to provide basic needs to them. Contaminated drinking water is the primary cause of disease in children in Iraq. [17]

The U.S. has paid the Bechtel Corporation $3 billion to repair water, electricity and other infrastructure. However, this income meets the need of corporate salaries without producing results for Iraqi families. [18] When Bechtel was in charge of the privatization of water in Bolivia, water prices rose 200 percent and water became an expensive commodity not available to all people. [19] The example from Bechtel in Bolivia shows that privatization of water will not ensure safe drinking water to all citizens of Iraq.


2. The Right to Electricity

According to Major General Thomas Bostwick, commander of the US Army Corps of Engineers, Iraq’s national electricity supply has plummeted to below levels of 4,400 megawatts maintained during the administration of President Saddam Hussein. Most of the country has only 3 hours of electricity per day [20]. In November 2004, the level of electricity produced had fallen below 4,500 megawatts. In early and mid-January 2005, electricity had plummeted to 3,500 megawatts [21]. According to a survey by Women for Women International, 95% of women stated that they do not get enough electricity in the home. [22] Most Iraqi families cannot afford a generator which could ensure a stable level of electricity. [23]

Lack of electricity in the home has knock-on effects: water born diseases have risen due to the inability to boil water at home to purify it. [24] Medact reports that from January to March 2004, there were over 5,000 cases of typhoid. [25] In addition, hospitals and its patients suffer from the power outages, and 80% of hospitals do not have generators that work. [26]

3. The Right to Food

Acute malnutrition has doubled among children. [27]
According to a study done by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, UNDP and Fao, acute malnutrition in children has increased from 4% before the invasion to 7.7% after the invasion. The study found that approximately 400,000 Iraqi children are suffering from chronic diarrhea. [28] This implies that Iraqi children were better off during the Presidency of Saddam Hussein. Today, child malnutrition rates in Iraq are much higher than that of Uganda and Haiti and compares to that of Burundi, a war-torn central African country. [29] Malnutrition has further led to a rise in communicable diseases. [30]
From 1996 to 2003 most families in Iraq relied on food aid from the UN Oil for Food program. After the U.S.-led coalition forces declared an end of the war, they handed out flyers to Iraqis promising an increase in food aid, with the inclusion of new items. However, according to the survey by Women for Women International, 95% of women stated that there was no increase in the food basket after the US occupation. [31] The U.S. has taken control of potential oil revenues worth close to $20 billion per year and stopped the oil-for-food program. [32]

In the city of Fallujah, which was attacked by the U.S.-led forces, some refugees have been able to return to their now deserted city. Lt. Col. Patrick Malay, who is in charge of military operations in the northern parts of Fallujah commented on the lines of people waiting for food, water, and sheets: “This is how I like it, just like Disneyland,” he said. “Orderly lines and people leave with a smile on their face.” [33]

Iraqi women do not smile as they bear the burden of the lack of food. Iraqi farmers, of which many are women, state that they cannot grow food due to unexploded cluster bombs in their fields. [34] Due to the high unemployment, many women cannot obtain adequate food. In addition, the cost of cooking fuel has risen dramatically since the U.S. invasion. [35] According to doctors in Baghdad Maternity Hospital, almost all pregnant women suffer from anemia. [36]

4. The Right to Healthcare

Prior to 1991, healthcare in Iraq was free and of good quality. [37] Before the UN sanctions, the number one health problem in Iraqi was obesity. Malnutrition was a direct effect of the UN sanctions. [38] One important indicator to assess the health of a country’s population is the mortality rate of children under five. During sanctions, UNICEF reported that one in eight children died before they reached the age of five and that 500,000 children died during sanctions. [39] Healthcare deteriorated and medicines were not widely available. Post-1991, healthcare was increasingly privatized, and after the war on Iraq in 2003, most hospitals cannot function properly due to sewage, lack of clean water, lack of electricity, and lack of drugs and equipment. [40] Dr. Amer Rashid, chief clinician from Yarmouk hospital in Baghdad said, “During sanctions we had more medicines than we have now.” [41] In the Woman for Women International survey, 57.1% of the Iraqi women said their families do not have sufficient healthcare. [42] A UNDP study reports that the maternal mortality rate has tripled compared to the period from 1989 to 2002. [43]

UNICEF states that, prior to UN sanctions, “Iraq had one of the highest standards of living in the Middle East”. Now, “at least 200 children are dying every day. They are dying from malnutrition, a lack of clean water and a lack of medical equipment and drugs to cure easily treatable diseases.” [44]



Mohammed cries during his treatment for diarrhea in General Teaching Hospital for Children in Baghdad, Iraq. AP[45]

The rise in cancers is due to the use of depleted uranium in ammunition in the war against Iraq, according to German and Iraqi scientists. [46]

Iraqi mothers worry for their children. According to Dr. Janan Hassan, director of a children’s clinic in Basra, “Since 1991 the number of children born with birth deformities has quadrupled. The same is the case for the number of children under 15 who are diagnosed with cancer. Mostly, it’s leukemia. Almost 80 percent of the children die because we neither have medicine nor the possibility of given them chemotherapy.” [47]

Medact reports that 12% of hospitals were damaged in 2003 by U.S. aerial bombardments. [48] The Special Rapporteur of the Right to Health to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights reported that U.S.-led coalition forces obstructed civilians from entering the main hospital in the city of Fallujah, while also stopping staff from working there. [49] In addition, the general climate of insecurity and violence keeps many women and children from even being able to attempt to seek medical care. [50] [51]

It is predicted that the privatization of healthcare will lead to a healthcare system like that of the United States, the only industrialized country not to provide free healthcare to children and pregnant women. The U.S. itself has one of the worst child mortality rates among industrialized nations.[52]


5. The Right to Work

Historically, Iraqi women have not been confined to the private sphere and have attained high levels of educational and professional accomplishments in for example law, government, and medicine. [53]During the Hussein presidency, women continued to work and study in the public sphere but during the period of the UN sanctions, many women lost their jobs due to the deterioration of the economy [54]. Moreover, sanctions led to the dismantling of government social programs and women suffered disproportionately. [55]

During the U.S.-led invasion in 2003 and the war that followed, many women started private businesses in their homes, but when electricity was cut they could not continue. Women who benefited from commerce in the informal market have also been forced to give up this source of income. [56] Before the U.S. occupation, Iraqi women made up 40 percent of the public-sector work force. Today, most women are unemployed. [57] When the economy deteriorated, women were the first to lose their jobs. Today women’s unemployment is at 70%. [58] In addition, due to the climate of violence and fear, fewer children attend school and consequently, mothers or the oldest female in the family have had to stop working to take care of the children. As a result, women and children have fewer opportunities. [59] The U.S. dismantling of the Iraqi state meant that many women lost governmental positions. The Coalition Provisional Authority laid off hundreds of thousands of government workers. [60] Despite the amount of reconstruction work in Iraq, Iraqis themselves are not being employed. Instead, the U.S. has hired foreign contractors and flown in foreign workers for high and low skilled positions previously held by Iraqis. [61]

According to the household survey done by Women for Women International in August 2004, 84% of the women surveyed had no income from formal or informal work. The women identified electricity, jobs, and water as the most pressing concerns. [62] Despite Iraq’s valuable oil reserves, 27 percent of the population is estimated to live on less than $2 a day. [63] In a move that worsened the crisis exponentially, while imposing a privatized model of governance not chosen by the Iraqi people, the Coalition Provisional Authority cut the social safety net. [64] Following the many wars Iraq has suffered, many women are widowed or abandoned. According to the UN and the World Bank, there were close to 1 million women heads of households in October 2003. [65] As the U.S. increasingly pushes for privatization and a 100% free market state, this means that more women will inevitably suffer disproportionately compared to men in Iraq.

6. The Right to Political Participation

“We don’t do women.”
-High-ranking CPA official, responding to a reporter’s concern about threats to Iraqi women’s rights. [66]

The full and free participation of women is an indicator of the future health and well-being of the population of every Iraqi. [67]
In March 2003, USAID awarded the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International of North Carolina a $167 million contract to help 180 Iraqi cities and towns "foster efficient, transparent, and accountable sub-national government that supports the country's transition to sovereignty." Three former RTI employees who worked on the project told CorpWatch that the company spent 90 percent of the money on expensive expatriate staff, gave out advice and held meetings, but did little to provide concrete support for local community organizations or councils. [68]
A $10 million U.S. funded “Iraqi women’s democracy initiative” will, according to Paula Dobriansky, U.S. undersecretary of state for global affairs, train Iraqi women to “…lobby for fair treatment.” However, this view assumes that Iraqi women were powerless victims during the Saddam Hussein regime prior to the U.S.-led invasion, when in fact, in 1993 the UNICEF reported: “Rarely do women in the Arab world enjoy as much power as they do in Iraq… men and women must receive equal pay for work. A wife’s income is recognized as independent from her husband’s. In 1974, education was made free at all levels, and in 1979 it was made compulsory for girls and boys until the age of 12.” [69]
The only two female governing council members Rhaja Habib Kuzai and Songul Chapouk, state that there are already many qualified Iraqi women community leaders who have a right to political participation: “Many Iraqi women are well-educated – doctors, lawyers, and engineers who are already leaders in their communities. And regardless of education, women in Iraq are often heads of households who have kept their families and their country moving despite decades of war and severe abuse under the Saddam Hussein regime.” [70]

Laws are not enough when women lack electricity, water, healthcare, and work in a climate of insecurity and violence. The report by Women for Women International warns that these are serious indicators of long-term adversary implications. [71]

The elections in January 2005 were hailed by the US and UK as an opportunity for democracy and for women’s rights. UK foreign secretary Jack Straw said that the Iraq war helped bring a democratic "wave of change" to the Middle East. [72] The Bush administration argues that a successful democracy in the Middle East could be an example for the rest of the Arab world. [73] However, illegal elections cannot produce a legal result as the elections “were planned, organized, and financed by the US in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention, which forbids an occupying power from creating permanent changes in the government of the occupied territory.” [74]

The outcome of the illegal elections caused a shift in alliances. The Shiites, who are generally more conservative compared to Sunnis, have risen to power. Amnesty International warns of a conservative backlash which threatens women’s rights. [75] There is a rise in Islamic fundamentalism. [76] The Shia coalition has called for the application of sharia, or Islamic law. This could mean that women may only inherit half that of Iraqi men who may also be permitted to have four wives at once. [77] Rime Allaf, an associate fellow with the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, who researches women's status in Iraq, states: "The Baath Party, with all the things many believe they did wrong, [still ensured that Iraqi] women had the most rights in the region. Now, a lot of women are being very careful about how they dress. They are being told by perfect strangers, 'You need to cover your hair ... [and] your arms.' In the nearly two years since the regime of Saddam Hussein fell, pressure has grown for women to conform to stricter Islamic standards." [78]
MADRE warns that an interim government will draft a new Iraqi constitution, which may restrict women’s rights to divorce, inheritance, child custody, freedom to choose whether and whom to marry, and freedom to travel without a male. [79]






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79. Yifat Susskind "A Vote for "Freedom" or for Occupation? The Iraqi Elections and Women's Human Rights" MADRE, January 2005 http://madre.org//articles/me/iraqielections.html:: Article nr. 11098 sent on 14-apr-2005 08:57 ECT

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